The Kerr effect is a phenomenon in which the refractive index of a material changes because of an applied electrical field, and the change in the refractive index is proportional to the square of the applied electric field. The Kerr effect is best observed in materials known as Kerr mediums, centrosymmetric materials like liquids, gases and some crystals, although most materials show the Kerr effect to some extent when subjected to an electrical field.
The Kerr effect has been applied to digital photography to create a type of shutter with very short exposures and rapid reaction.
The Kerr effect is also known as the quadratic electro-optic effect (QEO effect).
The Kerr effect was discovered by John Kerr in 1875. It is weaker
compared to the Pockels effect, which changes the refractive index
varies linearly to the value of the applied electrical field. Both the
Kerr and Pockels effect are applied in components that are used in
optical signal-processing applications and on optical communications as a
whole.
The Kerr effect has two types:
- Electro-Optical Effect: Through the slow application of an external, varying electrical field to a Kerr medium, the material will develop two indexes of refraction. One is for light that is polarized parallel to the electric field, while the other is for polarized light perpendicular to the field.
- Magneto-Optic Kerr effect (MOKE): The phenomenon in which light exhibits a slightly rotated plane of polarization when reflected from a magnetized material.
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