Upgrade Windows Server 2019 Active Directory to Windows Server 2022

Windows Server Active Directory upgrades are a part of administering Windows Server Active Directory infrastructure on-premises.  Currently, businesses may have a mix of Windows Server infrastructure and many are running Windows Server 2019 domain controllers in their environment which currently offer the latest and greatest features in the realm of Windows Server Active Directory infrastructure. As the release of Windows Server 2022 looms near on the horizon, many organizations will be looking at upgrading their existing infrastructure to include Windows Server 2022 on-premises Active Directory domain controllers.  In this Windows Server Active Directory upgrade guide, we will look at the steps involved to upgrade Windows Server 2019 Active Directory to Windows Server 2022.

Windows Server 2022 features and Active Directory

Microsoft’s Windows Server 2022 operating system will be the latest and most advanced Windows Server operating system to date.  Microsoft has steadily been making their Windows Server operating system more “cloud-aware,” with many more Azure features integrated into the operating system natively.  Microsoft is vouching to have Azure be the management plane for all operations, including on-premises operations with solutions such as Azure Arc and others. 

Using the new capabilities and features unlocked by using Windows Admin Center, Windows Server 2022 will have the most direct integration with Azure of any server operating system.  Microsoft is certainly wanting to get everyone focused on the Azure cloud.  The new integrations with Azure make Windows Server 2022 an easy way that customers get a powerful on-premises operating system with all the Azure bells and whistles offered by Microsoft and unlocked potential with Windows Admin Center.

New Security features

One of the huge themes with Windows Server 2022 is security.  Let’s face it.  Security is on the minds of just about everyone these days, from IT operations, security engineers, and business leaders alike.  Windows Server 2022 integrates the new Secured Core implementation from Microsoft.  What is secured core?  It is a new set of security features at the core of Windows Server 2022 and unlocked by the right hardware underneath the hood, such as TPM 2.0. 

It also includes technologies such from current hardware OEM vendors including Bitlocker, and virtualization-based security (VBS) turned on by default.  With the Secured Core server, these features are enabled out of the box from the OEM manufacturer so when the customer provisions the new hardware, a strong security foundation is enabled by default.

As this guide is focused on Windows Server 2022 Active Directory, as you can imagine, having even better security enabled for physical and virtual domain controllers is certainly a step in the right direction.  Attackers are looking for easy ways to compromise Active Directory environments and user account in general.  Having a better security foundation as provided in Windows Server 2022 helps businesses further protect Active Directory assets. 

What about other Active Directory features found in Windows Server 2022?  You are not going to notice a tremendously different Active Directory interface, experience, or capabilities with Windows Server 2022.  Or, any differences at all. If you are like me, you have seen a trend from Microsoft of decoupling requirements of solutions from Active Directory proper, requiring domain joins, etc, for solutions to work correctly.  Microsoft sees the writing on the wall with future infrastructure.  Businesses will be stitching together infrastructure that exists in on-premises environments, cloud, and edge environments.

The traditional on-premises Active Directory that we have known now for decades is fading into the past as new solutions like Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) are more enticing with the tremendous focus on cloud and cloud-native applications. With remote work being the foreseeable future for most organizations, if not the permanent configuration for employees, traditional connectivity to on-premises infrastructure, including Active Directory domain controllers is no longer realistic. VPN connections for everyone is not considered feasible any longer and contains it own set of security vulnerabilities.Modern apps, containers, and Kubernetes

Another advancing area of focus and polishing from Microsoft is the area of containers, and specifically Kubernetes.  Kubernetes is certainly where all the interest resides with containerized workloads.  Kubernetes is by far the most powerful and popular container orchestration platform available. Windows Server 2022 will be able to use something known as group Managed Service Accounts (gMSAs) to provide an Active Directory identity to containers. You can do this today with domain-joined hosts, however, this will not be required with Windows Server 2022. Again, this goes back to the point of the traditional Active Directory requirements being phased out.   

Upgrade Windows Server 2019 Active Directory to Windows Server 2022

So, let’s look at the process to upgrade Windows Server 2019 Active Directory to Windows Server 2022. For this run-through, I am using the Windows Server Insider Preview build 20344. What does this process look like? Well, actually not very different if at all than previous Windows versions. Here I am creating a new Windows Server 2022 VM in vSphere 7.0 Update 2. It is nice that we now have the Microsoft Windows Server 2022 option.
Installing windows server 2022 in vmware vsphere
                               Installing windows server 2022 in vmware vsphere
Here, I am joining the Windows Server 2022 server to the Windows Server 2019 Active Directory domain. This is being done after configuring the network on the Windows Server 2022 server for the domain, specifically DNS settings.
Joining a windows server 2022 server to a windows server 2019 domain
            Joining a windows server 2022 server to a windows server 2019 domain
As you will see in the following screenshots, the process from Server Manager looks identical to Windows Server 2019. Here I am adding the Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS) role.
Adding the active directory domain services role in windows server 2022
          Adding the active directory domain services role in windows server 2022
Below, I am selecting to Add a domain controller to an existing domain option and entering in the Windows Server 2019 domain.
Add a windows server 2022 domain controller to an existing domain
                 Add a windows server 2022 domain controller to an existing domain
Next, select the domain controller capabilities and site information as well as configuring the DSRM password.
Specify domain controller configuration of windows server 2022 domain controller
  Specify domain controller configuration of windows server 2022 domain controller
DNS options.
Specify dns options during windows server 2022 dc promotion
                Specify dns options during windows server 2022 dc promotion
Choose the replication options, here leaving as the default all domain controller option.
Configure install and replication options for promoting a windows server 2022 server
  Configure install and replication options for promoting a windows server 2022 server
Specify the location of the AD DS database, log files and SYSVOL.
Specify adds database location for new windows server 2022 server
       Specify adds database location for new windows server 2022 server
Review the options for the configuration of Active Directory on the Windows Server 2022 server.
Reviewing the options of windows server 2022 domain controller promotion
Reviewing the options of windows server 2022 domain controller promotion
Here is a look at the PowerShell script to perform the ADDS configuration.
Reviewing windows server 2022 domain controller promotion powershell code
     Reviewing windows server 2022 domain controller promotion powershell code
Running the prerequisite check. AS you will note, there is no schema upgrades or anything listed for Windows Server 2022. It appears the same schema is used as Windows Server 2016 Active Directory, the same as Windows Server 2019.
Prerequisites check when configuring active directory on a windows server 2022 server
Prerequisites check when configuring active directory on a windows server 2022 server

Transferring Active Directory roles from Windows Server 2019 to Windows Server 2022

The steps below are familiar for most AD admins that have transferred roles before. But, just a quick run through of what this looks like with Windows Server 2022 – no difference. Transferring the RID, PDC, and Infrastructure Master roles below.

Changing rid pdc and infrastructure master to windows server 2022
                Changing rid pdc and infrastructure master to windows server 2022
Transferring the domain naming master role to Windows Server 2022.
Changing domain naming master to windows server 2022
       Changing domain naming master to windows server 2022

The same process of registering the Schema Management DLL must be performed for transferring the Schema Master role.

Registering the schema management dll
                                  Registering the schema management dll
Transferring the Schema Master role.
Changing the schema master to windows server 2022
                             Changing the schema master to windows server 2022

Demoting the Windows Server 2019 Domain Controller

After transferring the roles, I went through the process in Server Manager to demote the Windows Server 2019 domain controller.
Demoting windows server 2019 domain controller
                                   Demoting windows server 2019 domain controller
After demoting the Windows Server 2019 server, I wanted to check one last time on the Windows Server 2022 server which is now the solely available DC in the lab environment. It shows that Windows Server 2016 is the highest functional level.
Highest domain functional level is windows server 2016
                                  Highest domain functional level is windows server 2016

Thoughts

Windows Server 2022 is a highly anticipated next release of the Windows Server operating system. It shows Microsoft’s shifting position on what features and functionality should be contained in Windows Server as well as the pivot to Azure integrated and cloud-native technologies.

As shown with the upgrade Windows Server 2019 Active Directory to Windows Server 2022 walkthrough, not much looks to have changed so far with Windows Server 2022 unless they sneak in features between the Insider Preview 20344 and the GA release. As shown, Windows Server 2016 is still the highest functional level for domains and forests at this time. Microsoft is drifting away from requiring Active Directory domain joins for most of their core features with each new Windows Server operating system release. This in itself shows where things are headed.

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